Here's a small list of things you can lay hands on without overstraining yourself.
I propose this list grows a bit.
Grinding matches should net you 2 carbon, 1 phosphorous, 1 sulpher
Grinding the matchbox 2 carbon 2 silicon 4 phosphorous
Grinding a power cell 2 carbon 5 lithium 5 iron 10 aluminum 10 sulfuric acid, 10 hyrdrogen
Grinding a High capacity power cell should net the same, but with 20 Hydrogen as well.
Grinding cable coil piece should get you 5 carbon and 5 copper
Heating space cleaner (igniter, welding torch, lighter, whatever) should net you ammonia.
Basically everytime you click it with heat source, two units of space cleaner should disapear, and one unit of ammonia should appear.
ethanol should be extractable from mixed drinks using a chemaster.
either that or drinks should work as ethanol for chems.
Using a container like a beaker on a gas canister should get you the reagent variant of the gas in the beaker, Nitrogen, oxygen, and stable plasma. If that's too easy, then require the tank must be below a certain temperature to provide the gas as a reagent.
The space cleaner bottle in medbay should be replaced by iodine and water, and bloody unkempt tools should lose success rate % until properly sterilized with it.
Water from sinks should have a bit of flourine in them, so you could use a chem-master to pull the water out leaving the flourine in the beaker, grab more water, rinse and repeat.
Partially dissasembling a fire alarm then hitting it with a beaker should net you 5 units of radium, and disable the firealarms detection ability.
Grinding salt should break it down into it's base parts Sodium, chlorine, exclude the water or it'll just re-mix.
So far this opens the list up, while still excluding Bromide and Mercury.
Come up with some more ghetto chems!